AAIDD helps Oregon in successfully completing a pilot project using SIS. Considering the dramatically increasing prevalence of social networking use among adolescents (90% prevalence in our sample), the development of the SNAIS would facilitate the progression of related studies investigating the effects of social networking use on psychosocial well-being among adolescents. Thirdly, nature of online social networking use has been evolving rapidly, therefore new activities and functions of social networking might need to be considered in the future. The first 10-item factor explained 42.2% of the total variance, and was named the “Social Function Use Intensity (SFUI)” subscale. Is the Subject Area "Internet addiction" applicable to this article? Internet addiction was measured by the 8-item Young’s Diagnostic Questionnaire (YDQ). Online social networking use has been integrated into adolescents’ daily life and the intensity of online social networking use may have important consequences on adolescents’ well-being. Interviewer Reliability Qualifications Review How SIS training enhances staff knowledge, confidence, and more Safeguarding your investment: Guidelines for selecting trainers for the Supports Intensity Scale Tips on Enhancing a SIS Interview Reliability. Respondent caegories according to intensity of use of social media Low Table 2. About 60% of the participants were male (59.2%) and about two thirds (64.1%) of them possessed a smartphone (Table 1). This is largely inadequate as adolescents usually engage in multiple types of social networking activities [6,22–24] (e.g. Therefore, no significant ceiling or floor effects were observed for the SNAIS and its two subscales. drop-out added will be distributed Social Network Time Use-Scale (SONTUS) questionnaire to measure the intensity of the use of social media but if the number is sufficienthen only 138 students (calculation of the Slovin formula) will be used as research sample. These suggested activities overlapped with the current 14 items (see Table 1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165695, Editor: MariaPaz Espinosa, University of the Basque Country, SPAIN, Received: June 8, 2015; Accepted: October 17, 2016; Published: October 31, 2016. PLoS ONE 11(10): The Facebook Intensity Scale has seen prolific use since its development; however, it has been criticized by some scholars. Our survey did not involve endangered or protected species, and the study did not involve sensitive content related to students. Please consider submitting any instruments that you have developed. Connection strategies: Social capital implications of Facebook-enabled communication practices. Duration of social networking use, number of days per week on average using social networking, amount of time per day on average spent on social networking, and number of social networking friends were all positively correlated with the SFUI (Spearman r = 0.26 to 0.38, all p<0.001), EFUI (Spearman r = 0.27 to 0.30, all p<0.001), and SNAIS (Spearman r = 0.30 to 0.40, all p<0.001) (Table 5). No, Is the Subject Area "Factor analysis" applicable to this article? https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165695.t004. Yes Several such scales exist but they have some serious limitations. Recent . Moreover, based on the results of one-way ANOVA, individuals who reported longer duration use, more frequent use, longer time spent in a typical day, and having more friends on online social networking were found to have higher scores of SNAIS and its two subscales as compared to those in the corresponding lower categories. Emotional connection to social networking was measured by six attitudinal items adapted from the Facebook Intensity Scale. The psychometrics of the SNAIS were estimated using appropriate statistical methods. All items were on a 5-point Likert-type scale anchored by “Strongly Disagree” and “Strongly Agree.” A sample item is “I’m proud to tell people I’m on … e0165695. messaging with friends, posting comments, status updating). Department of Clinical Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China, Affiliations Study Shows that Intensity of Facebook Use Can Be Predicted by Reward-related Activity in the Brain Neuroscientists at Freie Universität Berlin show a link between reward activity in the brain due to discovering one has a good reputation and social media use № 243/2013 from Aug 28, 2013. English. The results being that the correlations between items and their hypothesized subscales were high but those between items and other subscales were weak indicated good content validity for social function and entertainment function assessment related to social networking use. Results of factor analysis yielded a two-factor solution (Social Function Use Intensity and Entertainment Function Use Intensity), which reflects two different but important behavioral patterns related to social networking activities among adolescents. The survey was conducted in October of 2013 in Guangzhou, the capital city of Guangdong province located in southern China. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click “This study focused on the impact of misinformation on social networking sites,” the co-authors wrote in their findings. We suggest both subscales to be used together in the future, as nowadays social interactions and entertainment are not mutually exclusive. Background Online social networking use has been integrated into adolescents’ daily life and the intensity of online social networking use may have important consequences on adolescents’ well-being. Over 65.0% had used online social networking services for more than one year, and 11.0% of the social networking users were daily users in the last month. The technique of sampling uses quota sampling. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Besides, Verbal informed consent was also obtained from participants before they filled out the questionnaires by the field-workers, and it is thought that their participation or not would partially reflect themselves and their parents’ (or caregivers’) decision. The investigators constructed the scale specifically for use among emerging adults, though its items may also be applicable to other age groups. Jenkins-Guarnieri, Wright, and Johnson (2013) suggested another scale, the Social Media Use Integration Scale … Researchers have attempted to establish measures for the intensity of social media use in order to determine the levels of integration of SNS in users‘ lives. The Social Media Disorder scale was used to measure SMU problems (Van den Eijnden et al., 2016). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165695.t002. Copyright: © 2016 Li et al. : 81373021). It measures the degree to which the Internet affects different aspects of one’s daily life. It has acceptable psychometric properties and is easy to be self-administered by junior middle school students. Two factors, Social Function Use Intensity (SFUI) and Entertainment Function Use Intensity (EFUI), were clearly identified by both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. A total of 910 students who were social networking users were recruited from two junior middle schools in Guangzhou, and 114 students were retested after two weeks to examine the test-retest reliability. Higher scores indicated a higher level of emotional connection to social networking. This study aims to examine the association between the influence of FoMO on the usage intensity of Social Media by adolescents. For instance, FIS, one of the scales commonly used in previous studies, only applied two items to assess Facebook behaviors (i.e. Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., Lampe, C. The Facebook Intensity scale is used to measure Facebook usage beyond simple measures of frequency and duration, incorporating emotional connectedness to the site and its integration into individuals’ daily activities. As expected, the SNAIS and its subscale scores were correlated significantly with emotional connection to social networking, social networking addiction, Internet addiction, and characteristics related to social networking use. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute (SZRI), Shenzhen, China, Affiliation The nature of voluntary participation was clearly mentioned in an announcement and students were informed that they had a right to terminate the study at any time. The scale includes nine items corresponding to the nine diagnostic criteria for Internet Gaming Disorder according to the Appendix of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 5th ed. To our knowledge, this is the first study to develop a tool that assesses online social networking use intensity (SNUI) among adolescents based on diverse social networking activities. The present study aims to develop the Social Networking Activity Intensity Scale (SNAIS) and validate it among junior middle school students in China. No incentive was given to the students. We found acceptable internal and test-retest reliability of SNAIS. Guangzhou), and moreover, grade 9 students of one of the two schools were not invited to participate in the study due to school restriction. Book; Search. Moreover, information on the study’s background and purpose, and confidentiality of the study was printed on the cover page of the questionnaire. duration of social networking use, number of days per week using social networking on average, time spent on social networking on a typical day, and number of social networking friends). Primary use / Purpose: The Facebook Intensity scale is used to measure Facebook usage beyond simple measures of frequency and duration, incorporating emotional connectedness to the site and its integration into individuals’ daily activities. Ellison, N.B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (in press). The present study has several limitations. The statistical significant level was 0.05. Firstly, data was acquired by self-reporting collection method, reporting bias might exist although the study was highly anonymous. It is relatively painless and will only take a few minutes. Participants were asked whether they currently possess any social networking account. A panel consisting of a behavioral scientist, two psychologists and an epidemiologist held several meetings and eliminated the overlapping items while combining others with similar meanings. In the present study, we have developed and validated the Social Networking Activity Intensity Scale (SNAIS) among junior middle school students in China. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.87, and the test-retest intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.78. As a measure of quality control, 73 (6.7%) of the 1088 collected questionnaires with at least one measurement scale having >20% of its items missing were excluded from data analysis. duration of social networking use). There were a total of 11-grade 7 classes, 11-grade 8 classes, and 5-grade 9 classes. Further elaborations and refinements are warranted. New scale has been developed to measure the time use on the SNSs.The scale has good psychometric properties.The scale is very simple to use and administer. Globally, Internet-based technology has increased dramatically during the past decade. [37] The results of the CFA confirmed the two-factor solution, showing acceptable goodness of fit to the data: χ2/df = 4.05 (χ2 = 307.68, df = 76, p<0.001), NNFI = 0.96, CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.082 (90%CI: 0.073~0.092). Conceptually, FIS mainly evaluated the individual’s attitudes towards Facebook to reflect the degree of emotional connection to Facebook. Authors developing measuring minutes spent using the site and scales of social media use have focused mainly number of Facebook friends, although at lower on behavioral frequency of use (e.g., Ross et al., levels than correlations with the Facebook Use 2009), used inadequate measures such as single Intensity scale scores. [5], With the high penetration rate, it is important to examine reasons and health outcomes of online social networking among adolescents. Result and discussion. The present study developed a scale of online social media use that measures the integration of the social behavior and daily routines of users, along with … Intensity Scales Another type of scale focuses on the intensity of one’s social media use, such as how frequently they access social media, how long they spend on different platforms or their subjec-tive experiences of social media. Emotional connection to social networking was measured by six attitudinal items adapted from the Facebook Intensity Scale. As it was developed to assess social networking use intensity, it does not include other constructs such as emotional attachment. Internal reliability based on the entire sample was acceptable for the SNAIS (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.90, 0.60, and 0.89 for the SFUI, EFUI, and SNAIS, respectively). For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click In the present study, SNUI is defined as self-reported frequency of using multiple types of online social networking activities through multiple types of platforms in the last month. The participants performed online social networking mainly via personal computers (62.1%) and smartphones (24.0%). All students understood the items well and found the questions not difficult to answer. The test-retest findings demonstrated that the SNAIS and its two subscales were stable over time. Abbreviated description of the levels of Modified Mercalli intensity. broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time. The authors would like to give great appreciation to all participants and schools. Second, although some specific scales assessed intensity of online social networking use, [17–19] they tended to focus only on a single online social networking platform (e.g. In order to maximally ensure confidentiality and protect participants from personal information disclosure, the survey applied anonymous approach, and the data analyzed anonymously. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper. Media influence and body image in 8-11-year-old boys and girls: A preliminary report on the multidimensional media influence scale. In this work, we curate a large-scale dataset that con-nects popularity in one social media platform { 81.9 million YouTube videos { to discussions about each of these digital items in an external platform, in 1.06 billion tweets. Search for: Tweets by @reyjunco. [39] The two constructs of the SNAIS would hence facilitate future investigations of variations between effects of the two main types of social networking use on mental health and other outcomes among adolescents. Those providing an affirmative answer to the question were asked about their experiences in social networking use, including duration of social networking use, number of days per week on average using social networking, amount of time spent on social networking in a typical day, and number of social networking friends. [31,32] In our sample, the exploratory factor analysis revealed a one-factor solution for this scale, explaining 37.8% of the total variance, and the factor loadings ranged from 0.46 to 0.69. [33] Internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, while test-retest reliability was evaluated by Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC). [3] Of these “netizens”, 48.8% were social media users, while 28.8% of the social media users were between 10–19 years old (2012). The factor structure of SNAIS was also clearly established. Participants were 200 adolescents aged 15 – 18 who use social media of whom 83 male and 117 female in Mojokerto, East Java, Indonesia. [17] The Facebook Intensity Scale was developed to measure Facebook usage by incorporating both emotional connectedness to the site and its integration into one’s daily activities. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China, Affiliation Moreover, the results of the one-way ANOVA analysis showed that those who reported higher levels of duration of social networking use, number of days per week on average using social networking, amount of time spent on social networking in a typical day, and number of social networking friends, scored significantly higher in the SNAIS and its two subscales (all p<0.001, Table 6). The correlation coefficients between each item and the overall scale ranged from 0.43 to 0.72 (all p<0.001), while all correlation coefficients between the items and their corresponding subscale ranged from 0.64 to 0.77 (all p<0.001). The statement of the novel coronavirus as a pandemic was an invitation to battle for governments to make a dire and quick move. Be that as it may, many feel the reaction from certain nations was short of what was needed. Despite the ubiquity of social media use and growth of research in the area, few studies have examined the relationship between various types of social media use, sense of belonging and psychological wellbeing, while controlling potentially influential variables. Location Taken: US To examine the factor structure of the SNAIS, the sample was randomly split into two subsamples of equal size. Search for: Tweets by @reyjunco. However, there are few validated instruments to measure social networking use intensity. 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