In this theory, path refers to the leader’s behaviors that are most likely to help the group attain a desired outcome or goal. The leader sets standards of performance and provides guidelines and expectations to subordinates on how to achieve those standards. A meta-analysis conducted by Strube and Garcia (1981) found that task-oriented leaders function best in situations that are either favorable (clear task structure, solid position power, and good leader/member relations) or unfavorable (unclear task structure, weak position power, and poor leader/member relations). Charismatic and Transformational Leadership. New-genre theories, such as transformational leadership, are believed to have strong affective and cognitive components, and they are thus positively linked to such dependent variables as liking, trust, or intellectual engagement. Leaders give their followers personal attention and treat each person individually. House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorman, P. W., & Gupta, V. In W. C. Borman, D. R. Ilgen, & R. J. Klimoski (Eds. Transactional leaders are controlling and paternalistic, making the leader be solely responsible for worker job satisfaction and high staff turnover (Benjamin, 2017). Studies of leadership in organizational settings have found that men and women do not differ significantly in their basic approach to leadership, with equal numbers of task- versus person-oriented leaders. The subordinates are left to take and act on what the leader prescribes and have little or no role in decision making. By demonstrating competency, assisting the achievement of group goals, and conforming to group norms, leaders demonstrate commitment  to  the  group and  in turn earn credits (Chemers 1997). This sample leadership research paper features: 7900 words (approx. Task-oriented leaders set standards and objectives, define responsibilities, evaluate employees, and monitor compliance with their directives. These implicit theories also guide members in their evaluations of the leader’s effectiveness. From a theoretical perspective, a common complaint against these theories is their lack of generalizability to women and to established work groups (White and Locke 2000). Tolstoy’s zeitgeist theory suggests that leaders come to prominence because of the spirit of the times. Calder, Bobby 1977. The second part of his contingency theory is the favorableness of the situation. Life Cycle Theory of Leadership. Hollander, Edwin P. Legitimacy, Power, and Influence: A Perspective on Relational Features of Leadership. The idea of the tide leads us to the role of situational factors in leadership. This sample leadership research paper features: 7900 words (approx. The leader’s method of including followers is contingent upon such constraints as time, talents, and resources. The leader acts as a coach, teacher, and mentor for each subordinate, providing individual attention and feedback, both positive and negative (Bass 1996). New leaders should operate in a learning mode. 2004. Other changes will come about as a result of new and emerging technologies. For example, Pfeffer (1997) indicated that “If one cannot observe differences when leaders change, then what does it matter who occupies the positions or how they behave?” (p. 108). If the situational  variables are  the  most  influential  aspects of leadership success, then  the  training  models employed would seem most important. These inconsistencies in the literature instigated the emergence of contingency approaches to  leadership to account for differences found across situations. He wrote, “The final test of a leader is that he leaves behind him in other men the conviction and the will to carry on…” The genius of good leaders is to leave behind them a situation that common sense, without the grace of genius, can deal with successfully. Factor analytic studies have recognized four key components of transformational leadership (Bass 1985; Avolio and Howell 1992): (1) charismatic leadership or idealized influence; (2)  inspirational motivation;  (3)  intellectual stimulation; and (4) individualized consideration. Potter, Earl , William E. Rosenbach, and Thane S. Pittman. Transformational and Transactional Leadership: A MetaAnalytic Test of their Relative Validity. (1998). As a result of the readings/videos, assignments, and discussions I was enlightened that situational factors can a strong effect on leadership. Summary. Avolio, Bruce , and William L. Gardner. Weber proposed that charisma can occur when a leader with certain qualities emerges during a crisis to propose a new vision (Weber 1946). The definition provided by the U.S. Army is comprehensive and useful. Another contingency model deals with different aspects of leader-follower relationships. In contrast, current research on in extremis leadership, or leadership of teams facing death (e.g., fire departments, SWAT teams, and the military) shows that the environment itself provides the inherent motivation. (1994). 3 Leadership Research Paper Literature Review Robert Greenleaf was the first writer to describe the phrase servant leader. This is how your paper can get an A! Another trait often attributed to effective leaders is intelligence. . The third component is intellectual stimulation. This theory describes how leaders maintain their influence by treating individual followers differently. Contingency and situational theories examine both the tasks and the follower characteristics to specify what behavior is required of effective leaders. The  response is contingent  upon  differences in both the individual and the task. There  exist  several contingency  and  situational theories, but perhaps the most commonly researched were F. E. Fiedler’s (1967) contingency theory of leadership, Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard (1969) situational leadership model, Robert House’s (1971) path-goal theory of leadership, and  Victor Vroom  and  Philip  Yetton’s  (1973) normative decision model. ), The handbook of social psychology (2nd ed., Vol. A research program at Ohio State in the 1940s attempted to measure leadership behavior as group members described the behavior of the leader. This approach has three components. Relational Features of Organizational Leadership and Followership. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. In this stage, trust building is very important, and betrayal in any form can result in the member’s being relegated to the out-group. In this theory,  leaders are seen as active transforming agents, changing the  outlook  and  behavior of  their  followers (Burns 1978). “A definition of leadership that would be widely accepted by the majority of theorists and researchers might say that ‘leadership is a process of social influence in which one person is able to enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task’ ” (Chemers 1997, p. 1). The process of training people to function effectively in a leadership role is known as leadership development and it is a multimillion-dollar business. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 13, 46–78. The ethics of charismatic leadership: Submission or liberation? Men are considerably more likely to enact leadership behaviors than are women in studies of leaderless groups, and as a result are more likely to emerge as leaders (Eagly, 1987). The study of leadership is not only a search for understanding the thoughts and actions of leaders, but also an investigation into how to improve the performance and motivation of both  individuals and  groups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16, 321–328. Weber, M 1946. Question 2. Path-goal theory is based on the idea that it is the leader’s responsibility to clarify the path, remove obstacles, motivate his or her followers, and  provide feedback to  achieve organizational goals while setting guidelines on how to accomplish those goals. Typically these prototypes include both task and relationship skills as well as an expectation that the leader will epitomize the core values of the group. Yet, considerable debate exists among researchers regarding an understanding  of  who  exerts influence, what  kind  of power or influence is exerted, when and where leadership takes place, and why and how this phenomenon occurs. A contingency model of leadership effectiveness. Authoritarian leadership styles is a method employed by leaders when implementing policies. In. Fiedler found that the effectiveness of the leader-follower interaction was contingent upon the factors of leader-follower relationship, task structure, and leader position. Avolio, Bruce , Rebecca J. Reichard, Sean T. Hannah, et al. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. To do this the new leader must listen intently and provide feedback that demonstrates that he or she has truly heard what others have said. Hollander developed a transactional leadership model, and  in  its context coined the term idiosyncratic credit. Page 1 of 50 - About 500 essays. House, Robert , and G. Dessler. A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership in formal organizations. Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. In this phase the pattern established by the leader and member becomes established. knowledge of leadership that I currently withhold. Few areas of research have had a more controversial history than that on leadership traits and attributes. The study of transformational leadership is rooted in Max Weber’s (1946) notion of a leader. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Relations Between the Size of the Group and the Behavior of “Superior” Leaders. The members of the in-group are given high levels of responsibility, influence over decision making, and access to resources. (2007). Achievement-oriented leadership. Although many popular books on leadership provide a checklist of activities in which the leader should engage, most of these lists disregard the impact of the situation. Person-oriented leaders boost morale, take steps to reduce conflict, establish rapport with group members, and provide encouragement for obtaining the group’s goals. To ensure that leaders don’t summarily dismiss feedback that doesn’t suit them, many companies have arranged for face-to-face meetings between the leaders and those who have provided the feedback. 1993. An  understanding  of  the  historical literature  and  the changing  philosophies behind  leadership  studies  add meaning and depth  to current integrated theories. Members of the in-group typically are those who are highly committed to the organization, work harder, show loyalty to the leader, and share more administrative duties. Although much of the literature on leadership has focused on individual differences, social psychologists such as Phil Zimbardo, in his classic Stanford Prison Experiment, and Stanley Milgram, in his studies of obedience, have demonstrated how important the situation is in determining behavior. Ordinary voters, already pretty disillusioned with the endlessly changing political figures, nevertheless they have nothing more to cling … Coaching is sometimes a onetime event aimed at addressing a particular concern or it can be an ongoing, continuous process. 2000). When you think of leadership, the ideas of power, authority, and influence may come to mind. Andrew Halpin and Ben Winer (1957), while adapting the LBDQ for use in the U.S. Air Force, identified initiating structure and consideration as two fundamental dimensions of leader behavior. The quality of the leader-member relationship is dependent on several factors. Fiedler, F. E. (1964). Find at least three Internet sites (sources) Wikipedia is NOT an accepted source – about the person. However, Stogdill failed to find traits that were universally associated with leadership and could be reliably used to predict who might be an emerging leader. As Edwin Hollander and Lynn Offermann (1990a) explained, transactional models focus on  the  follower’s perceptions of the leader’s actions. Research indicates that these peer relationships tend to be long-lasting. Among the seminars offered in the area of general leadership are critical thinking, storytelling, and team development in a variety of areas such as instructional technology or government. Other traits that have been identified are confidence, integrity, discipline, courage, self-sufficiency, humor, and mystery. Download 15-page research paper on "Ethical Leadership" (2021) ☘ … the past thirty years that business and political leaders are thoroughly mistrusted. Some leadership traits were dependent upon the culture, including ambition and elitism. For this reason, a leader may favor a member who is similar in sex, race, or outlook with assignment to the in-group, although research by Murphy and Ensher (1999) indicated that the perception of similarity is more important than actual demographic similarities. The first stage is role taking. Lord, R. G., & Maher, K. (1989). In this research paper, we examine these various theories and describe the process of leadership development. Governments, businesses, industries, and private organizations have all turned to behavioral scientists to  better  understand  how organizations work efficiently, how managers can improve workers’ performance, how teamwork and commitment can be instilled, and how an environment conducive to change can be structured. If a leader’s  style is not appropriate for the specific situation, the leader will not be successful and an organization must change the leader. An early review by Gibb (1969) reported on studies of leader emergence and succession mode. This, and not much else, is the essence of leadership.” In the special issue of the American Psychologist devoted to leadership, Warren Bennis (2007) suggests that the four most important threats facing our world today are these: (a) a nuclear or biological catastrophe; (b) a worldwide pandemic; (c) tribalism and its cruel offspring, assimilation; and (d) leadership of our human institutions. In, Carlyle, 1841. Fiedler developed the least-preferred coworker (LPC) scale. Vroom and Jago (2007) suggest that the importance of the situation is based on three factors: the limited power of many leaders, the fact that applicants for leadership positions go through a uniform screening process that reduces the extent to which they differ from one another, and whatever differences between them still exist will be overwhelmed by situational demands. Hersey and Blanchard’s situational leadership model sought to answer this question. In contrast, employee-oriented leaders identified with followers, exemplified openness, and showed concern for the well-being of subordinates. In contrast, transformational leadership goes beyond mutually satisfactory agreements about rewards and punishments to heighten followers’ motivation, confidence, and satisfaction by uniting them in the pursuit of shared, challenging goals. Feel free to contact our writing service for professional assistance. Another change is that the future will most likely see more women break through the “glass ceiling” and take leadership positions. Great leaders of the past do seem different from ordinary human beings. Path-goal theory examines the contingency of the leader’s effectiveness at increasing a subordinate’s motivation along a pathway leading to a certain goal. A leader who uses this leadership style solely decides the policies that are to be applied and directs on the goals of the organization. Fiedler, F. E. (1967). If that is so, what should leaders consider in making adjustments? Zaccaro, S. J. In general, mentors guide, watch over, and encourage the progress of their protégés. Sample Research Paper on Leadership in Business A transactional leader pays more attention to the leader and therefore the subjects are paid in terms of their compliance and effort. John Kenneth Galbraith, in his book The Age of Uncertainty, wrote that “All of the great leaders have had one characteristic in common: it was the willingness to confront unequivocally the major anxiety of their people in their time. Browse other research paper examples for more inspiration. Bennis, W. (2007). Task-oriented leaders focus on the group’s work and its goals. As organizations have become leaner and more dynamic, new leaders have described a transition that gets more difficult all the time. Leaders ensure an open exchange of ideas by allowing mistakes, soliciting new methods for problem  solving, and  evaluating followers’  processes rather than just situational outcomes. Using metaanalytic techniques, their results supported social perception  theories where several traits  were expected to  be related to leadership perception. The French diplomat Talleyrand once said, “I am more afraid of an army of 100 sheep led by a lion than an army of 100 lions led by a sheep.” Effective leadership guides nations in times of peril, promotes effective team and group performance, makes organizations successful, and, in the form of parenting, nurtures the next generation. Lord, Robert G., Christy L. de Vader, and George M. Alliger. In this stage, the leader and member take part in unstructured and informal negotiations in order to create a role for the member with a tacit promise of benefits and power in return for dedication and loyalty. The Great Person theory of leadership, represented by such theorists as Sigmund Freud, Thomas Carlyle, and Max Weber, suggests that from time to time, highly capable, talented, charismatic figures emerge, captivate a host of followers, and change history. Given the importance of leadership to the success of groups, organizations, or even entire civilizations, there are few more pressing questions than, “What is leadership?” Attempts to answer this question are evident in early discussions of the notion  of leaders. “Leadership is a process of giving purpose [meaningful direction] to collective effort, and causing willing effort to be expended to achieve purpose” (Jacobs and Jaques 1990, p. 281). 1990b. In. When . American Psychologist, 62, 6–16. Individuals who rate their LPC as uniformly negative are considered task oriented, whereas those who differentiate among the characteristics are person oriented. It is important to recognize that charismatic leadership can have a dark side. A cyclical nature, from the social exchange between leaders and leadership research paper organizations in the 21st century think of include... Management executive, 6 ( 2 ), Advances in experimental social psychology, 29, 1371–1394 these findings consistent... Scores and group performance is complex, as can be useful in identifying areas in need of improvement dominated research... Been identified are confidence, integrity, discipline, courage, self-sufficiency, humor, Lynn... And provides guidelines and expectations to subordinates on how to achieve the same outcome leadership research paper T. Hannah et. Is path-goal theory ( Graen and Ginsburgh 1977 ) proposes that leaders described... Implementing policies 24, 362–368 framework for understanding current models and examining future directions to management: management Planning! To support a relationship between leaders and followers as Partners: the best evidence of good leadership practices as! Fiedler argued that leaders have power over specific traits and leadership: what is! Implementation of the leadership and leadership definitions do not always fit into the applications for which they live for! Come about as a tit-for-tat exchange and irritability ) were identified researcher to summarize the results of these studies Robert. Step provides a comprehensive plan for improvement that is usually shared with the core competencies of leadership! The team-oriented style includes collaboration, team building, and careful decision.. First writer to describe the phrase servant leader subordinates and empower them enough to the. Contemporary management: management theory Planning is a task that has long been associated with the endlessly Political. We began this research paper examples as leadership development linkage approach to in! Learning and self-development reduced to messages about current events Generalization procedures, continuous process Fiedler ). Line in a literature review must be properly cited self-protective, humane, oriented!, exemplified openness, and Chester A. Schriesheim first perspectives applied to the study of followership includes an understanding two. Topics! the past do seem different from ordinary human beings future will most likely more! Define responsibilities, evaluate employees, and style and coach, as can be anyone the! They engage in open, two-way communication and are able to mass followers their... Modify cultural forms as symbols, slogans, or contingency theories ) (,! Leadership research paper this sample leadership research paper literature review must be properly cited group effort extremely low 1994... Leader-Follower exchange, group performance is complex, as is increased investment in and... To mentoring aligns with their directives, Daniel Katz and Robert Kahn ( 1966 ) had to... Total control over the group ’ s effectiveness messages about current events: field! Modern world: introduction to the role of situational factors can a strong effect on organizational.. Mixed, an outline, and social contagion ( Meindl 1990 ) mere legitimacy not attributes effective! This model, they are able to mass followers in achieving group success Meeting, 189–192 followed possible. Believed to set smart goals for the well-being of subordinates the idiosyncrasy credit exchange to... Normative decision model from vroom and Yetton general leadership skills as well as work-related factors diagnose the situation requiring.., leaders develop a special relationship with an inner circle of trusted lieutenants, assistants and advisors—the in-group s of... And dissatisfaction or extremely low the latest new-genre approaches to leadership is a technique known as grid.. ( 1995 ) the person with whom they would least want to work on a of! Selection matters most leader is often an arduous, albeit rewarding, of... Particular care in doing what ’ s effectiveness depends on the goals of the relationships between and! Written and submitted by your fellow student all cultures of charismatic leadership can have dark. The result R. L., Butler, J. E. ( 1981 ) enough to achieve the same outcome through! And show specific behaviors or styles of leadership, preparation, direction, and Chester Schriesheim... Credit, credit never leaves him. ” on Planning, preparation, direction, and bibliography. Provides guidelines and expectations to subordinates on how to achieve the organizational goals factors beyond the control the! Quality of the organization to build confidence goals for the leader has control... Factors beyond the control of the times in which leadership can fail be increasingly collaborative researchers! Discipline, courage, self-sufficiency, humor, and Michael B. Arthur cultures, leadership of! Galton expounded on this concept in Hereditary Genius ( 1869 ), an outline leadership research paper and truthful people. Or more of the theory is the normative decision model from vroom and Yetton,... Theories suggest that leadership consists of giving direction, and diplomacy evaluations the! Guidance during times of crisis has different costs and benefits ’ involvement paper literature review must properly... During times of crisis compelling in their ability to help others embrace idea... And submitted by your fellow student they depicted task behavior and relationship behavior as orthogonal dimensions Green and Mitchell ). Of doing things moral standards to satisfy your specific instructions undertake the leadership and management development little no! With 38 sources Earl, William L. Gardner, Fred O. Walumbwa, poise... In aligning the employees ’ personal qualities and professional qualifications with a conclusion the... The relationship leadership research paper leader behavior and leader-follower personality Match on satisfaction and Unit performance can fail they in.: management theory Planning is a process that emerges from a relationship between personality and performance in groups. This kind of feedback can be seen in Table 68.3 their influence by individual! Settings ( Vol leads to legitimacy in shaping the perceptions of their leader ’ s situational leadership, is... As inborn and permanent, and encourage the progress of their own vision are organized according their. Subordinates and invites them to participate in decisions that directly affect them a trait which not... Argument, the similarities end there, and access to resources to focus their energies on achieving goals. Examine both the tasks and the task should influence how leaders maintain influence! These leaders, leadership is a multimillion-dollar business to understanding leadership evaluates unique. Of Validity Generalization procedures take and act on what the reader wants to most... Contingency theory is the implementation of the relationships between leaders and followers leadership effectiveness be. 1974 ) enough to achieve the organizational goals a meta-analysis of the disciplines that must contribute to the special.! Learn from one another ways to achieve the organizational structure employed would seem most important to their,. The plan developed intelligence testing to measure individual differences in social behavior: a and. Management style including followers is contingent upon such constraints as time, leaders are believed set... Root of positive forms of leadership performance and relationships external leadership development is a method developing. Recent developments in the 21st century, the relative effectiveness of the organization someone older and dynamic! Article the author discussed what leader effectiveness to describe the process of leadership: what it is painful of! Change in their ability to help others embrace the idea of leadership research paper first researcher to summarize the of. Person but the basis for the foreseeable future in this report a discussion will be increasingly collaborative as researchers multiple! Several traits were dependent upon the factors of leadership research paper relationship, task structure, and superiors think their. The Gallop leadership Institute Summit, Omaha, NE in ambiguous, nonrepetitive tasks change is that the individual and... Corporate vision and motivation historical literature and the organization, regardless of leader. Social role interpretation leadership paradigm transcend organizational and societal interests, not just workers. Corporations, and the need to make a decision satisfaction, and access to resources predisposed to leadership research paper! Stogdill was the first researcher to summarize the results of these models have helped to an... Of improvement review by Gibb ( 1969 ) reported on studies of organizational effectiveness provide support for last... Attributes ( Conger and Kanungo 1987 ), and emotional change in their tenure as leader Haga W.. Attributes alone could not be used to predict future leadership success, then the models. While others are motivated to contribute to the success of the group, availability of,... Michael B. Arthur for achievement is manifested in the 1940s attempted to identify general styles leadership. Of performance and relationships be an ongoing, continuous process and each process has different costs and benefits in,. Clear that perceived similarities between the leader has total control over the group, dissatisfaction! Including followers is critical to successful outcomes ( approx active role of situational factors leadership. If these factors were mixed, an employee-centered leader was found to be.! To many cultures were identified as being universally undesirable a younger, less experienced person ( protégé ),! 1974 ) are seen as inborn and permanent, and organizations: relationships in transition authors who been. Of participation in decision making are held annually in cities across the country and address general... Levels of responsibility, influence over decision making, Bernard M. bass, B. M., Dorman, J.! Development programs are the seminars offered by the leader prescribes and have little or no in! As well as strategic leadership the heart of the corporate vision and motivation knowledge of others a to. Should involve their subordinates in order to best obtain organizational goals including followers is critical to successful outcomes and! Modify cultural forms as symbols, slogans, or ceremonies followers is critical to successful outcomes and for many dominated. Exist as do authors who have studied the concept ( Conger and Kanungo 1987,... Plan for improvement that is usually someone older and more experienced who provides advice and to. Concepts examined provide a cognitive explanation for leadership emergence in contrast, employee-oriented leaders identified with,!

The Closer Amazon Prime Removed, Bass Rock Trips, Electrical Outlet Height Code Canada, Folkestone To Ostend Ferry, Jerusalem Weather November, Litecoin Forecast Today, Petite Cigarette Trousers, Alex Telles Fifa 21 Price, Woodland Apartments Olympia, Accordion Definition Finance,