In 788, she arranged for Constantine to marry a certain Maria of Amnia, the daughter of a well-to-do but otherwise obscure family of Paphlagonia (supposedly as the result of a beauty contest held to select the bride). But now Charlemagne proposed to marry her. By 1412 BC, the settlement had become an important center of the Mycenaean civilization and the Acropolis was the site of a major Mycenaean fortress whose remains can be recognised from sections of the characteristic Cyclopean walls. Irene was also known for her generous financial policies, which were especially friendly to monasteries. In an elaborate charade, he lied about an attempted coup by the generals and told the palace guards that Irene had proclaimed him emperor in order to ward off the others. Powerful Facts About Empress Irene, The Byzantine Rebel Beauty, brains, and an iron will: Irene of Athens used all of these to stay in power in the cut-throat world of the Byzantine Empire. Laws protected women and slaves. Turtledove, Harry, trans. . Irene was born in roughly 752 A.D. to a distinguished Athenian family. The first assault upon the icons was launched in the Arab Empire, the caliphate, whose ruler Yazid II, supposedly under Jewish influence (the details are very unclear), ordered the icons in Syria to be destroyed. Athens lies 5 miles (8 km) from the Bay of Phaleron, an inlet of the Aegean (Aigaíon) Sea where Piraeus (Piraiévs), the port of Athens, is situated, in a mountain-girt arid basin divided north-south by a line of hills. 4: The Byzantine Empire. In 801, Irene waived taxes and reduced import and export duties, which won her great support from the people. Encyclopedia.com. An East Roman (Byzantine) empress, Irene of Athens (752-803) convened the Seventh Ecumenical Council and restored the veneration of icons in the Byzantine Empire. The Slavic invasions of Eastern Europe which cut Constantinople from land contact with Rome were followed by the Arab domination of the Mediterranean that made contact by sea increasingly difficult, as well. Unknown manuscript The council was further hallowed in the minds of the Greeks by the fact that it was to become the last Ecumenical Council recognized by the Greek Church. [8] By 1412 BC the settlement had become an important center of the Mycenaean civilization and the Acropolis was the site of a major Mycenaean fortress whose remains can be recognised from sections of the characteristic Cyclopean walls. Irene of Athens, Byzantine basilissa, is comparable to Egyptian queen Hatshepsut, and Russian empress Catherine the Great. 771), emperor of Byzantium (r. 780–797). With Irene on the throne, whatever the circumstances that brought her there, the Pope could legitimately consider the Roman throne to be legally vacant. If you can improve it, please do. Empress Irene of Athens was the first female ruler of the Byzantine Empire. Although she was an orphan, her uncle or cousin Constantine Sarantapechos was a patrician and possibly also a strategos ("general") of the theme of Hellas at the end of the eighth century. She then exiled them and their families from the city and forced them to return to their native towns. Perhaps she was taking cues from Marcy from Peanuts, who called Peppermint Patty "Sir The biblical injunction and the excesses of veneration observed among the common people, already cited, were two major ones but not the least were the scorn of the Muslims (and Jews) who accused the Byzantines of idolatry, the hostility of the Monophysite Christians of Egypt and Syria who emphasized the unity of the divine—and hence undepictable—nature of Christ, and the hostility of the army with its vast number of Armenian officers and common soldiers whose national church also rejected such holy pictures. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Born in Athens around 752; died on August 9, 803, on Lesbos; parents unknown, probably noble; grew up an Athenian orphan; married Leo IV the Khazar, Byzantine emperor (r. 775–780), in December 769; children: son, Constantine VI (b. She then replaced them with Bithynian troops more favorable to her views. Birthplace : Athens, Greek Empire During this period from the fifth through the eighth centuries, the papacy had come to rely increasingly on the support of the Frankish kings, who, after the defeat of the Muslims at Poitiers in 732, could justly be hailed as the defenders of the faith. In September 780, Irene was made regent and co-emperor with her son Constantine VI who was not yet ten years old. She was married by Constantine V, ruler of the Eastern Empire, to his son, the future Leo IV, in 769. She did so but was then exiled to a nunnery on one of the Princes' Islands in the Sea of Marmara. A plot was then hatched to remove Irene from power and have her banished to Sicily, but she learned of this in time and had her son confined in the palace, demanding a direct oath of allegiance to herself from the military. She was the first woman to be rule the Byzantine Empire. Known as the Second Council of Nicaea or the Seventh Ecumenical Council, more than 300 bishops attended this conclave which lasted from September 13 to October 13, 787. During 800 another great monarch became emperor in the west - Charlemagne. Irene turned her attention to other matters. The guards bought the lie and proclaimed him emperor. To curry favor with the masses, Irene reduced some taxes, especially in the capital, and abolished others, moves that were to prove ruinous coupled with the ravages experienced during the Arab invasion. Perhaps she felt a closer connection would help her accomplish that goal. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. In any case, Charlemagne, greatest of the Frankish kings and master of a realm that stretched from northern Spain to Poland encompassing France, Germany, Northern Italy, and all Central Europe, was a force to be reckoned with. He had engaged in some wars against the Arabs and Bulgars, which he lost, and seems to have been incapable of ruling on his own. From this time forward, it seems Irene schemed against her son, never forgiving him for ousting her. Ruthless and ambitious, she is widely suspected of having poisoned her husband after which she governed the Empire as regent and sole ruler for 22 years. Antiquity Origins and early history. This act made Charlemagne an equal with the Byzantine emperor. This article is of interest to the following WikiProjects: In dynastic matters, Irene moved as shrewdly as she had done in ecclesiastical affairs. Irene, being an Athenian, was not only a woman but a "westerner" by birth and a devotee of the veneration of the icons who chose to espouse the iconophile cause. On the side of the iconoclasts were also found certain of the Isaurian (actually Syrian) emperors, and, it would appear, the urban mob. This caused a great public outcry by the pious, and, in the next year, several prominent religious men broke from communion with Tarasios because he had sanctioned the affair. Athens has been inhabited from Neolithic times, possibly from the end of the 4th millennium BC, or nearly 5,000 years. Vespasian When she died she was turned into an icon and was an important character in Christianity. She was older, there was no pressing religious issue to pursue, and there was no clear heir to the throne. Prior to becoming empress regnant, Irene was empress consort from 775 to 780, and empress dowager and regent from 780 to 797. But Irene, who still wanted the council to meet, retained some of the ambassadors and worked on a plan to sidetrack the empire's army. Irene of Athens was the first woman to be sole ruler (Autokrator) of the Byzantine empire. Each of these women's stories is a great one, wrought with controversy and struggle, but Irene's story is one that is most commonly forgotten. This appointment was part of Irene's consistent policy to rely on eunuch off… A much more complex, intellectual, and refined argument, however, was offered by the Syrian Christian philosopher Mansur, better known as St. John of Damascus, held by both the Catholic and Orthodox churches to have been the last of the Greek "Fathers of the Church." In 802, Irene was finally overthrown by a palace coup led by Nicephorus, her own minister of finance. Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. ." To these strains were added the hostilities engendered by the iconoclastic controversy which pitted the icon-favoring popes against the iconoclastic emperors for most of the eighth century. Theophanes writes: "The punishment took place on a Saturday in August …, but not for long did God's avenging justice permit this unjust act. The Cambridge Medieval History, vol. She was born about 752. The first attempt by Irene to convoke the council occurred in Constantinople on May 31, 786, when a conclave attended by the papal delegates was convened in the Church of the Holy Apostles. While the coup that had cast Constantine from the throne, though illegal, was not without precedent, the placing of a woman on the imperial throne was a thing unheard of in Roman history since the empire had been founded in the first century b.c. Several patricians positioned themselves so that they or their relatives would become emperor after Irene's death. Empress Irene was born between 750 and 755 into a noble family of Athens. Therefore, in January 795, he forced Maria to become a nun. Ostrogorsky, George. On December 23, 800, he did so, and Leo was cleared of all charges. Born around 778; died after 839; daughter of Charles I also known as Charlemagne (742–814), king of the Franks (r. 768–814), Holy Roman emperor (r. 800–814), and Hildegarde of Swabia (c. 757–783); sister of Gisella of Chelles (781–814); married Count Rorico, around 800; children: Louis (b. around 800), abbott of St. Denis. (December 22, 2020). Staurakios emerged into prominence in 781, when Irene, as regent for her infant son Constantine VI, appointed him to the post of logothetes tou dromou, the Byzantine Empire's foreign minister. Irene was related to the noble Greek Sarantapechos family of Athens. Empress Irene of Athens was the first female ruler of the Byzantine Empire. Tarasios accepted only on the condition that an ecumenical council be held on the subject of icons. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Irene of Athens, Byzantine basilissa, is comparable to Egyptian queen Hatshepsut, and Russian empress Catherine the Great. Early Life. As early as 782, she had arranged for her son, then only 12, to marry Rotrud, daughter of Charlemagne, king of the Franks (786-814), the greatest Western ruler of the age, and had a tutor sent to his capital at Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) to teach the German princess Greek and whatever else she might need to know about her future homeland, before her arrival. "Irene of Athens (c. 752–803) As the chronicler Theophanes represents it, Nicephorus lied his way through several situations in the next few days and fooled everyone into making him emperor. Important Achievements: Created the Justinian Code wich is a set of laws that influence modern laws. Regent of and co-emperor with Constantine VI (780–790); organized Seventh Ecumenical Council (Second Council of Nicaea, 787); deposed (790–792); reinstated as co-emperor with Constantine VI (792–797); was sole emperor (797–802); sought as wife by Charlemagne (800); overthrown and exiled (802). She replaced the generals with her favorites, who were also iconophiles, and started the process whereby she slowly lost the support of the army. History of the Byzantine State. Last modified : 2011-06-30. Irene (752 – August 9, 803) came to power as regent for her son (780) in the midst of the iconoclastic controversy which wracked the Empire for a century (726-87, 815-43). He agreed if she would hand over the imperial treasury to him. Also, to open the posts of this year, certainly later than planned, we begin with the Byzantine Empress Irene of Athens and how important she was to the Orthodox Eastern Church. The city of Athens ( Ancient Greek : Ἀθῆναι, Athênai, ; Modern Greek : Ath'nai, Greek pronunciation: ) during the classical period of Ancient Greece (508-322 BC) was the major urban center of the notable polis ( city-state ) of the same name, located in Attica, Greece, leading the Delian League in the Peloponnesian War against Sparta and the Peloponnesian League. The palace was rife with tension and intrigue. Now Irene was Autokrator, the first time a woman held the title. Kaiser Konstantin VI. Complete exact biopraphy of Irene of Athens from Historian personalities category updated and reviewed by autorized personel. Born on Feb…, Excerpt from The Alexiad The soldiers broke up the council and departed. Hey there, I have discovered recently that Irene of Athenes, Empress of the Byzantine Empire from 797 to 802. Realizing that her fall was final, Irene had the intelligence to step aside gracefully thereby perhaps saving herself from physical harm. Name variations: Irene the Great; Eirene. Byzantine empress. If he were not de facto sole emperor, his marriage to Irene would make him so, since the whole Byzantine Empire would then be under his control. Irene was born in roughly 752 A.D. to a distinguished Athenian family. Irene was born in Athens sometime between 750 and 755. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. The chief argument against the creation of images— that the practice violated the second commandment—was easily rejected by iconophiles on the grounds that the biblical injunction referred to images of false gods—idols—and that having revealed himself in the person of Christ and having bestowed His sanctity upon the Virgin and all His saints, the representation of real and tangible personages was valid. Category : Historian personalities Constantine had to go, and Irene was willing to execute him. Encyclopedia.com. Irene's ruthlessness and lust for power, hopelessly entwined with her fanatical devotion to the restoration of icons, had overcome all maternal instinct, all human feelings, and all fear of public opinion both at home and abroad. Many historians attribute this period of tolerance to Irene's influence. Fearing her son's growing independence, Irene pressed too far when she demanded that her own name precede that of his in all public documents. In January 792, Irene was acclaimed co-emperor with Constantine, but his name came first on official documents once again. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. One is her role in helping restore the use of Christian icons or images in Byzantium, which had been forbidden in the Eastern Orthodox form of Christianity. Another complication is that Irene may have been given the name Irene only when she married, and Irene means "peace.". In any case, the rupture of the proposed union does not appear to have overly disturbed the empress, who, increasingly ambitious, had good reason not to want a daughter-in-law of such eminent rank. In August of the same year, he made Theodota his wife with the coerced blessing of the patriarch. Name variations: Irene the Great; Eirene. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. It could have been the age-old desire to reunite the empire. Each of these women's stories is a great one, wrought with controversy and struggle, but Irene's story is one that is most commonly forgotten. Byzantium the Imperial Centuries AD 610–1071. She was chosen to be the wife of Constantine VI by winning a beauty contest held by Irene of Athens . Constantine now fell in love with a serving woman named Theodota (c. 775-early 800s), but extramarital affairs were harshly condemned by the church. This article has been rated as C-Class. One is her role in helping restore the use of Christian icons or images in Byzantium, which had been forbidden in the Eastern Orthodox form of … The Western Church supported the use of images. Irene was related to the noble Greek Sarantapechos family of Athens. . With this in mind, it is difficult to say why Constantine V chose Irene to marry his eldest son, Leo IV. Rather, he was the holder of a composite of offices, titles, and positions, including that of commander in chief of the army, all of which had been traditionally held only by men. In planning their restoration of icon-worship in the Empire, Irene and her advisors moved with caution, shrewdly awaiting the death of the iconoclastic Paul IV, patriarch of the Imperial Church, before appointing as his replacement the learned Tarasius (784-806). She then made the army swear that it would not support her son as ruler as long as she lived. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Being now 17 years old, he felt he should begin to assume more of the imperial duties. She was also known to have initiated the Second Council of Nicea. Thus, it was on Christmas Day, in the year 800, during a visit of Charlemagne to Rome that the pope—undoubtedly with the king's prior knowledge and acquiescence—placed on his head an imperial crown, bestowing upon Charlemagne the title "Holy Roman Emperor" and thereby recognizing his vast realm as the restoration of the Roman Empire in the West. Though the council began on August 27, 786, it was soon disturbed by the still strongly iconoclastic soldiers, and Irene was unable to hold them back. Hated by her political and religious enemies, she was nevertheless adored by the icon-loving Orthodox believers and received favorable treatment from Byzantine historians. Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Born in Athens of a Greek noble family, between the years of 750 and 755, little is known regarding Irene Sarantapechaina's life before ascending to the Byzantine throne. Early life []. Irene reinstalled her advisors, who had been exiled or silenced by Constantine. Copperplate engraving from Abraham Bogaert’s De Roomsche Monarchy, The Roman Monarchy, Francois Salma, Utrecht, 1697. On October 11, 787, the Seventh Ecumenical Council was convened by the Patriarch Tarasios with 350 bishops in attendance. Instead, with Leo's agreement, Charlemagne was asked to preside over the pope's hearing. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987. Empress Irene and the Silk Trade (752-803 CE). The cross signified the empire's strength and prosperity since the time of Constantine the Great. Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. There, on August 15, 797, he was blinded at his mother's orders, a frequently practiced maneuver that by Byzantine norms rendered a member of the imperial family unfit to reign. Many historians do not consider her a good empress but she was unique. Irene, (born c. 752, Athens—died Aug. 9, 803, Lesbos), Byzantine ruler and saint of the Greek Orthodox Church who was instrumental in restoring the use of icons in … Irene was born in the year 752 in a noble Athenian family. Byzantine empress, Isaurian Dynasty, Pala D'oro, Venice are important aspects of Irene of Athens life. Their son was born just a little over a year after the marriage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966. In the worst disaster since the days of Hannibal the Roman army and the emperor Valens were wiped o…, Theodosius I or Theodosius the Great, 346?–395, Roman emperor of the East (379–95) and emperor of the West (394–95), son of Theodosius, the general o…, Sigismund (1368-1437) was king of Hungary from 1385 to 1437, Holy Roman emperor from 1411 to 1437, and king of Bohemia from 1420 to 1437. 22 Dec. 2020 . Her body was moved to the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople later in the 9th century. 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