This effect was unique to cognitive control over emotion as the variation in appraisal and coping flexibility did not moderate the effects of stressor condition on cortisol response, ΔR2 = 0.01, F(1,35) = 0.24, p = 0.63. (2010). 23:313. doi: 10.1007/s10827-007-0034-x, Stewart, J. G., Mazurka, R., Bond, L., Wynne-Edwards, K. E., and Harkness, K. L. (2013). In the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, reappraisal largely refers to “changing what I’m thinking about” to either reduce negative emotions or enhance positive emotions (Gross and John, 2003). Next, we tested the fit of the alternative single-factor model and included the same four residual correlations. Adv. Cognitive flexibility might, therefore, involve deliberate appraisal processing, in which multiple alternative appraisals or explanations are determined across stressful situations (Dennis and Vander Wal, 2010). The Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ): Validation of a content-independent measure of repetitive negative thinking. questionnaire, please contact the Washington Group secretariat. 61, 154–162. These findings suggest that the CCFQ captures aspects of cognitive control and of cognitive flexibility that might be relevant to stressful situations. In the community sample, the item ‘I can remain in control of my thoughts and emotions’ loaded more strongly on the appraisal and coping flexibility component of the CCFQ. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Stress Health 6, 227–236. Cognitive reappraisal increases neuroendocrine reactivity to acute social stress and physical pain. 1, 192–207. Mplus User’s Guide, 8th Edn, Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén, Murphy, F. C., Michael, A., and Sahakian, B. J. The total effect of appraisal and coping flexibility on depressive symptoms was c = -0.389, SE = 0.048, p < 0.001. Cognitive Flexibility Scale: Other Names: CFS: Where can it be found? Stressful events play an important role in the emergence and maintenance of depressive disorders (Hammen, 2005). The Flexibility in Coping with Stress Questionnaire (FCSQ-14), the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) were used. Thus, greater attention has been devoted to identifying factors that contribute to cognitive control and flexibility (Logue and Gould, 2014; Shields et al., 2016), and how disturbances of these abilities might be linked to depressive illness (Davis and Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Koster et al., 2011). Thus, we determined whether individual differences in cognitive control/flexibility moderated the effects of an acute stressor on cortisol changes provoked by the TSST (Kirschbaum et al., 1993). Prior to these analyses, an Exploratory Structural Equation Model (ESEM) was used to confirm the two-factor structure of the CCFQ and to test alternative models. Top. As shown in Table 4, after controlling for each validation measure, both subscales of the CCFQ still predicted depressive symptoms. doi: 10.1080/0014013031000061640, Cheng, C., Lau, H. P. B., and Chan, M. P. S. (2014). Disord. This suggests that the CCFQ taps into repetitive (negative) thinking that often accompanies symptoms of depression. Concern has also been expressed that cognitive flexibility lacks a unified definition, and that an unrestricted perspective can result in very different constructs under the same name (Ionescu, 2012). Self-control in decision-making involves modulation of the vmPFC valuation system. doi: 10.3109/10253891003713765, Zwick, W. R., and Velicer, W. F. (1986). In turn, as indicated in Study 1, higher scores on the CCFQ were most strongly related to greater cognitive reappraisal as well as less perseverative thinking and rumination. Brain Cogn. It was also of interest to determine how individual differences in these abilities can serve as resilience or risk factors for depressive pathology. Multiple mediations analyses examining the direct and indirect effects of CCFQ subscale scores on depressive symptoms through stressor appraisals and coping style. On the other hand, a restricted definition of cognitive control or of cognitive flexibility might also prove counterproductive as it can limit the understanding of the role of these abilities in various adaptive and maladaptive behaviors, including the relevance of these constructs to psychopathology. Brain Topogr. Coping flexibility and psychological adjustment to stressful life changes: a meta-analytic review. The stressed prefrontal cortex and goal-directed behaviour: acute psychosocial stress impairs the flexible implementation of task goals. Reduced cognitive control and flexibility was associated with greater negative appraisals of stressful situations, which, in turn, was tied to more severe depressive symptoms (Study 2). Impact of gender, menstrual cycle phase, and oral contraceptives on the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. The Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ; Ehring et al., 2011) is a 15-item questionnaire assessing content-independent repetitive negative thinking. The Relationship Between Cognitive Flexibility, Coping, and Symptomatology in Psychotherapy Benjamin Todd Johnson ... (Acceptance and Action Questionnaire [AAQ], Hayes et al., 2004). Cognitive Flexibility Inventory-Iranian Version The CFI is a brief 20-item self-report instrument de- signed to measure the aspects of cognitive flexibility that enables individuals to challenge and replace the maladap- tive thoughts with more adaptive ones. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to examine the relation between components of the CCFQ, validation measures, and depressive symptoms. Brain Imaging Behav. These findings are in line with reports that more frequent use of emotion-focused and avoidant coping, and limited engagement of problem-focused methods, were notable among depressed individuals (e.g., Whatley et al., 1998; Matheson and Anisman, 2003; Abdollahi et al., 2018). Self-reported ethnicities included Caucasian (660%, n = 31), South Asian (2.1%, n = 1), Arab/West Asian (6.4%, n = 3), South East Asian (2.1%, n = 1), Hispanic (2.1%, n = 1), Black (4.3%, n = 2), Asian (2.1%, n = 1), Aboriginal (2.1%, n = 1), and other (4.3%, n = 2). Rev. Affect. Study 2 examined whether scores on the CCFQ were predictive of stressor appraisals and coping style, and whether these processes mediated the relation between cognitive control/flexibility (assessed through the CCFQ) and depressive symptoms. Participants were told that they would engage in a public speaking task (about applying for a research assistantship), and given 5 min to prepare, after which they made their presentation in front of a panel of graduate student judges. 3.2.3. Instead, these analyses were used to determine whether stressor appraisals, coping strategies, or both accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in the relation CCFQ subscale scores and depressive symptoms. Cognitive control interventions for depression: a systematic review of findings from training studies. B. Once signed informed consent was obtained, participants filled out several questionnaires concerning demographic information, general health, and medication history (e.g., antidepressants). Participants were recruited to participate in a survey called “Coping with Stress” using websites, such as Facebook, Kijiji and Craig’s List, and through word of mouth. However, being a self-report measure, the CCFQ was not designed to assess ‘hot’ executive functions per se, but instead focused on an individual’s perceived levels of cognitive functioning and the implications for emotional regulation and coping effectiveness. For each item, respondents indicated the extent to which they had demonstrated each of the behaviors as a way of dealing with stressors in recent weeks on a scale of 0 (Never) to 4 (Frequently). Copyright © 2018 Gabrys, Tabri, Anisman and Matheson. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x, Nyhus, E., and Barceló, F. (2009). Received: 20 March 2018; Accepted: 26 October 2018;Published: 19 November 2018. Psychol. 233, 45–67. Brain Cogn. Impact of anxiety on prefrontal cortex encoding of cognitive flexibility. 3, 400–424. Multiple mediations analyses examining the direct and indirect effects of CCFQ subscale scores on depressive symptoms through coping style. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2014.04.005, Joormann, J., and Gotlib, I. H. (2010). The appraisal and coping flexibility dimension of the CCFQ assessed an individual’s perceived ability to engage in a set of deliberate effortful behaviors that can facilitate a comprehensive and favorable appraisal of a stressful situation as well as the selection of a broad range of coping strategies. Cognitive flexibility refers to the ability to modify, or shift between, “cognitive sets” or strategies in response to changes in the environment (Deák, 2003; Stemme et al., 2007; Moore and Malinowski, 2009). doi: 10.1126/science.1168450, Harvey, P. O., Fossati, P., Pochon, J. Perceptions of threat and uncontrollability, in turn, partially accounted for the association between CCFQ subscale scores and depressive symptoms. J. Abnorm. This aside, the main purpose of the present study was to determine whether the CCFQ, as a measure of cognitive control and flexibility in stressful situations, would effectively predict cognitive, emotional, and physiological responses to an acute stressor, which was, in fact, found to occur. 42, 1373–1382. J. Gen. Psychol. However, a preoccupation with negative thoughts and emotions, especially when they are counterproductive in resolving a stressful situation, might limit an individual’s coping effectiveness, and exacerbate the adverse effects of stressors. Cogn. Neurosci. 13, 1043–1048. J. Neurosci. Low cognitive control over emotion = 1 SD below the mean, high cognitive control over emotion = 1 SD above the mean. Thus, the lack of test-retest reliability of the CCFQ is an important limitation of the present study. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-8765.2011.01139.x, Muthén, L. K., and Muthén, B. O. Ergonomics 46, 482–501. Mplus v.8.0 (Muthén and Muthén, 1998–2017) and robust maximum likelihood (MLR) estimation were used for all ESEM analyses to minimize the influence of non-normality on the estimation of the SEs in the model. Each statement was rated from 1 (seldom or never) to 4 (almost always), and higher scores indicated greater coping flexibility. Neuroscience 345, 243–255. The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ; Gross and John, 2003) is a 10-item questionnaire assessing individual differences in the habitual use of two emotion regulation strategies: cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. The Kaiser measure of sampling adequacy was.94 and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity was χ2(153) = 3322.95, p < 0.001. Cognition 174, 94–102. Thereafter, participants engaged in an arithmetic task for 5 min. Prev. Study 2 tested the hypothesis that greater cognitive control/flexibility (as measured by the CCFQ) would be associated with more favorable stressor appraisals and effective coping, which in turn, would be predictive of lower levels of depressive symptoms. J. Exp. Thus, on the whole, the CCFQ appears to capture several key elements of cognitive control, coping, and emotion regulation beyond those assessed by the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory. In contrast, the appraisal and coping flexibility component measured more complex processes related to changes of appraisals (e.g., approaching a situation from multiple perspectives, and regulating emotions through reappraisal processes) and the generation of a broad range of coping strategies. To this end, the CCFQ was developed was developed to assess an individual’s perceived levels of cognitive control and flexibility that were displayed through three stress-related processes, including attention, appraisals and reappraisals, and coping. This questionnaire is a short self-re- ported instrument which contains 20 questions. Low appraisal and coping flexibility, by contrast, reflects a tendency to respond too readily or automatically, resulting in more reactive cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses. Almost half of the participants (n = 20) were taking an oral contraceptive. Rethinking rumination. Cognitive dysfunction in unipolar depression: implications for treatment. As shown in Table 7, although the appraisal and coping flexibility component of the CCFQ was related to multiple stressor appraisals, the relation between the appraisal and coping flexibility and depressive symptoms was uniquely mediated by threat appraisal. Following the 30-min habituation period involved in completing these measures, participants provided a baseline saliva sample (for cortisol determination) and were randomly assigned to either the stressor or control condition. doi: 10.3758/BF03213923, Compton, R. J., Hofheimer, J., and Kazinka, R. (2013). Two formulas for computation of the area under the curve represent measures of total hormone concentration versus time-dependent change. Psychol. The Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (Dennis and Vander Wal, 2010) appears to be the only questionnaire to measure aspects of cognitive flexibility relevant to stressful, or difficult, situations. 108:624. doi: 10.1037//0033-295X.108.3.624, Cañas, J., Quesada, J., Antolí, A., and Fajardo, I. Thus, although each measure might be useful in different settings, their concurrent use might be equally valuable in distinguishing different aspects of cognitive flexibility relevant to stress-related psychopathology. This study was restricted to females because of their elevated propensity to depression relative to that seen in males. We also examined whether a more complex three-factor model (that also includes a method factor for the negatively worded items) provides a better fit to the data relative to the hypothesized two-factor model (that also includes the method factor for the negatively worded items). From this perspective, the current conceptualization of cognitive control and flexibility can be said to tap into ‘hot’ executive functions. Thus, cognitive flexibility as assessed by the CCFQ might not contribute to differences in overall perceived stressfulness concerning an acute challenge. Buhle, J., Shaw, B. O are estimated in the brain, behaviour and cognition,! Structure in a laboratory setting a situation as threatening or cognitive flexibility inventory questionnaire ) might not contribute to differences in two regulation! 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